阿哲帶團隨時要面對客人五花八門的問題，最常被問到的就是：
「為何日本這麼多漢字？他們不是有什麼平假名跟片假名嗎？」
之前教日語的時候，學生則是常問：
「為何漢字要分成訓讀跟音讀呢？」
只要有接觸過日語的人，或多或少都會有以上的疑惑吧！
今天就來跟大家好好聊一聊「漢字、音讀、訓讀」它們的精彩故事～
沒有任何文字的年代
話說在那個「日本」還不叫做「日本」的古代，比三國後期「魏志倭人傳」（西元280年～290年）所記載的「倭人」時代更早之前，日本是「完全」沒有文字的！
「什麼？沒有文字！？漢字、平假名、片假名都沒有！？這樣怎麼生活？」
沒有文字當然還是可以生活的，像我阿嬤不識字只會「說」台語也是安然走完她老人家一生，只是重要的事情，例如祖先的遺訓或是打獵農耕的要領等等，全部只能口耳相傳，要是不小心忘記了就沒了。甚至這塊地是誰的，是否做過什麼承諾，如果沒有「白紙黑字」寫下來，也是口說無憑…（疑?怎麼有種既視感？XD）
隨著國家規模的壯大，當時的日本人就開始覺得沒有文字真的很不方便。
沒有「白紙」沒關係，有竹簡、木片，用石頭也可以刻，但重要的是要有「黑字」啊！
可是一種文字的創造，由無到有，到定型普遍使用，不是那麼簡單的，中間需要好幾百年甚至上千年以上的時間醞釀演化，對於急需用字的日本來說根本等不及！
而當時整個世界上科技文化最進步的兩個超強帝國 ，西邊是羅馬，東邊是中國，而中國就在日本旁邊，不跟他學，難道要跑去跟羅馬學？加上有一些中國人跟韓國人開始移民到日本定居生活（日本稱他們為「渡來人」），除了農耕技術也順便帶來了「漢字」，就這樣漸漸地流傳起來。
但是真正有系統地輸入漢字，把漢字當作正式書寫文字，這要講到歷史上有名的「遣隋使」與「遣唐使」。
小國向大國朝貢，或是尋求庇護，或是請大國承認自己的統治權，在世界歷史上比比皆是。當時的日本也開始向中國朝貢，甚至主政者「聖德太子」，這位在日本無人不知、無人不曉的大人物，在中國「隋朝」年間（西元607年）開始，派出了四次的「遣隋使」。
就像德川幕府末期的「福澤諭吉」或是明治初期的「大久保利通」等人的歐美考察團一樣，看到了大國不論是政治、文化、建築、制度、宗教等等各方面，強盛的國力和自己國家有著天壤之別，讚嘆之餘，心裡的念頭就是：不管是什麼，通通給我來一點！全部包起來帶回去！
因為「無中生有」很困難，那直接「抄襲」就快多啦～
呃..是模仿…呃…喔不，是「致敬」，對！現在流行說「致敬」！
就這樣，「遣隋使」跟後來的「遣唐使」，每次都帶著滿滿的收穫，也順便帶著滿滿的漢字一起回日本。
漢字成為官方正式書信的文字
「OK！那日本有了漢字，就可以輕輕鬆鬆地，想寫什麼就寫什麼啦～」（灑花）
如果你這麼想就太傻太天真了，畢竟是「致敬」來的，要內化成自己的東西，還有很長的路要走哩。
大家知道中國文字傳進日本後，他們是如何使用的嗎？
直接拿來用！連文法都完全照抄！XD
可參考日本最早的史書：「日本書紀」（西元681年至720年完成）
你看！一整個就是中國的文言文！不說你還以為是中國古書咧！
而當日本人要讀出發音的時候，會用日語去轉換翻譯，日本朝廷或幕府的官方正式文章一直到江戶幕府末期，都是這樣寫喔！這種書寫體稱為「漢文」。
打個比方，這就像現在有一個美國人，雖然很正經地用中文寫出「吾愛吾妻」的「漢文」，但他會用美語讀做「i love my wife」一樣…
從小受中文教育長大的我們，要你「讀懂」一篇「文言文」都很難了，更何況是「寫」一篇？對當時的日本人來說就更辛苦了，除了專門的史書官吏或是朝廷官員，真正會寫會讀「漢文」的沒多少人。
「唉～難道沒有別的漢字用法嗎？」
有的，比你更痛苦的日本人這時候讓「萬葉假名」閃亮登場啦～
「萬葉假名」的出現
這邊先跟大家介紹一下，語言分成兩種，一是「表音文字」，二是「表意文字」。
像英語是最具代表性的「表音文字」，字母本身基本上沒有意義，用組合出的音節來表達意思，例如a、p、p、l、e這五個字母分開無意義，合成「apple」才表示為「蘋果」。
相對地，中文從象形文字演化而來，屬於「表意文字」，每個字都帶有本身的意思，例如看到「山」這個字就能表達「高聳入雲的超大土堆」，看到「海」這個字就能表達「一望無盡的水」。
疑？為什麼要跟大家說這個呢？因為這跟「萬葉假名」、「訓讀」、「音讀」都有重大的關連喔！
日本最早的和歌集：「萬葉集」（推測為西元759年～780年完成），裡面收錄了上至天皇貴族、下至平民百姓，不同主題的和歌大約4500首，裡面最有趣的就是把漢字拿來當作「表音文字」，例如：
日語的「山」唸做やま（ya-ma），「萬葉集」裡面把山寫成「夜麻」，因為「夜麻」的漢字發音大約等同於やま（ya-ma）。
還有「梅の花」唸做うめのはな（u-me-no-ha-na），「萬葉集」寫作「烏梅能波奈」，因為這五個字的漢字發音大約等同於うめのはな。
像我們熟悉的羅馬拼音那樣，這種把漢字直接拿來當作「表音文字」，叫做「萬葉假名」，這樣就可以「我筆寫我口」，想到什麼就寫什麼！比起正統的文言文寫法，實在輕鬆太多啦～
「萬葉假名」小測驗
題外話，日本的「暴走族」有很多的標語是模仿「萬葉假名」的用法，「看起來」都很有氣勢！讓大家猜猜看各是什麼意思？文章最後再告訴大家答案～
- 「夜露死苦」＝？
- 「怒羅江門」＝？
- 「愛羅武勇」＝？
「訓讀與音讀」的出現
「我筆寫我口」是很棒啦，但是一個漢字代表一個音，漢字筆畫又多，和歌的歌詞不多也就算了，普通文章要是整篇用「萬葉假名」寫下來就太累了，因此漸漸演變出兩種系統：
「訓讀」：使用漢字代表的「意義」，但是用日語原本的發音。
就像剛剛介紹「萬葉假名」出現的例子，日語的「山」原本就唸做やま（ya-ma），寫成「夜麻」不但沒效率，也喪失漢字原有的意義，所以乾脆直接使用「山」這個漢字而唸做やま（ya-ma）。
那為何要叫做「訓讀」呢？是要「好好教訓你讀」嗎？(手拿皮鞭)
喂～當然不是教訓的訓啦…XD，是因為中文有一門學問叫做「訓詁學」，「訓」這個字的意思是指「用通俗的話來解說事物」，請想像一下古時候有兩個日本人，一個懂漢字，另一個不懂，他們會出現像這樣的對話：
「這兩旁低，中間高起來的字是什麼啊？」
「山這個字你看不懂喔？跟你講，這就是我們的やま！」
「那這個呢？」
「水這個字你不知道嗎？OK，它就是我們常說的みず！」
所以「訓讀」就是用「未傳入日本之前，日本原有的發音」來讀漢字，例如：
- 「山」唸做やま（ya-ma）
- 「水」唸做みず（mi-zu）
- 「車」唸做くるま（ku-ru-ma）
- 「木」唸做き（ki）
「音讀」：直接使用漢字的「發音」
相對於「訓讀」，「音讀」就是不囉唆直接使用「漢字原本的發音」來讀漢字，例如：
- 「山」唸做さん（sa-n）
- 「水」唸做すい（su-i）
- 「車」唸做しゃ（sya）
- 「木」唸做もく（mo-ku）
整理一下「訓讀」與「訓讀」不同發音的表格
| 漢字 | 「訓讀」 | 「音讀」 |
| 山 | やま（ya-ma） | さん（sa-n） |
| 水 | みず（mi-zu） | すい（su-i） |
| 車 | くるま（ku-ru-ma） | しゃ（sya） |
| 木 | き（ki） | もく（mo-ku） |
台語和日語發音雷同的原因
「山、水、車、木…日語這樣唸下來…疑？怎麼跟台語比較像！？」
是的，相信很多人會覺得日語許多發音跟台語很像，跟國語反而差很多，是因為古代中國黃河流域中下游的中原地區其實是講閩南語的音韻，在五胡亂華造成西晉滅亡，整個中原地區戰火不斷，掠奪與屠殺讓很多漢人整個家族從北方逃到福建泉州晉江流域一帶，也把語言帶下來。
因為我們的台語（閩南語）保留了古代中原的音韻，而日本所學到的中國漢字也是古代中原的音韻，才會讓人有種日語跟台語雷同的感覺。（PS. 當然漢字的發音還有分成吳音、漢音、唐音等等，主要是傳進日本的時間不同，發音上也會略有不同，那就不是我們這篇討論的重點啦。）
以上阿哲用輕鬆的口語方式重點說明，讓生硬的歷史變得比較好閱讀，相信大家對於日本「漢字」的由來應該有基本的瞭解了。如果覺得這篇「阿哲寫得不錯，不能只有我看到！」也請多多分享，讓更多朋友瞭解「漢字」、「訓讀」與「訓讀」的故事喔～
★歡迎加入社團，接收阿哲最新文章～
「萬葉假名」小測驗的解答
對了！最後要解答有關日本「暴走族」模仿「萬葉假名」用法的答案，你猜對了嗎！？
- 「夜露死苦」＝よ-ろ-し-く（yo-ro-shi-ku，請多多指教）
- 「怒羅江門」＝ど-ら-え-もん（哆啦A夢）
- 「愛羅武勇」＝あい-ら-ぶ-ゆう（i love you）←這真的太天才了！XDDD
64 評論
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